Probiotics2

The Rise of Probiotics: The Impact of Gut Bacteria on the Immune System

by with No Comment Article

Introduction

Probiotics–defined as live microorganisms that offer health benefits–have gained significant attention for their potential to improve gut health and support the immune system. These beneficial bacteria are primarily found in fermented foods and supplements, playing a crucial role in maintaining balance within  the gut microbiota. In other words, they can impact the immune system’s function. The intricate relationship between the gut and the immune system is crucial, as around 70% of the body’s lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells crucial for the immune system) reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Although many studies show their beneficial effects on the human body, there is a lack of definitive evidence supporting the benefits of specific strains of bacteria or probiotic dosages. As a result, this article will discuss the effects of probiotics on the immune system, highlighting their role in reducing the risk of infections, allergies, and autoimmune conditions. 

Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota is a system of trillions of microorganisms within the human gastrointestinal tract. This system contains bacteria, fungi, and viruses, with bacteria being particularly influential on health. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, maintaining homeostasis and preventing inflammation. It helps with digestion, vitamin production, protection against harmful pathogens, and the creation of fatty acids that facilitate communication between the gut and immune cells. The gut epithelial cells form a mucosal barrier to separate the microbiota and the immune cells to prevent harmful substances from entering the bloodstream. If the interaction between gut bacteria and the immune system is disrupted, harmful bacteria called “Gram-negative bacteria” grow and damage the mucosal barrier, leading to infections and  increased intestinal permeability. 

Additionally, when the gut microbiota becomes imbalanced (gut dysbiosis) with increased harmful bacteria, it negatively impacts the immune system, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Gut dysbiosis is caused by various factors, including the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, drugs, smoking and alcohol, physical and psychological stress, chronic inflammation, and an unbalanced diet. Over time, chronic dysbiosis can lead to long-term conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers. Probiotics play a significant role in the gut microbiota composition, which can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, it helps the host build a healthy intestinal mucosa protective layer, decrease permeability, and enhance the immune system. 

How probiotics interact with the immune system

Probiotics can strengthen the gut barrier, preventing harmful pathogens from entering. They interact with special immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T and B lymphocytes. They also interact with the host’s intestinal cells at the surface of the intestinal barrier, including the intestinal epithelium and underlying lamina propria.

Figure 1

When consuming food with probiotics, they adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and send signals to the immune cells by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Cytokines, which are stimulated by probiotic bacteria, activate T-regulatory (Treg) cells, maintaining immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa. Treg cells help suppress a strong immune response, which could lead to problems such as allergies (where there is a strong immune response to harmless substances causing allergic reactions). There are specialized enterocytes (specialized cells that line the inner surface of the small intestine and play a crucial role in nutrient absorption)  called “Microfold cells” (M cells), which act as messengers and transporters, passing information about harmful bacteria to immune cells and transferring intestinal antigens to dendritic cells. Depending on the situation, the intestinal Dendritic cells activate Th1, Th2, or Th17 immune responses. 

Th1 immune response is responsible for fighting intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, activating macrophages to kill infected cells. 

Th2 defends against extracellular parasites and handles allergies, activating B cells to produce antibodies (IgE) for defense. 

Th17  targets extracellular bacteria and fungi, activating neutrophils (the most abundant type of white blood cell in the innate immune system) to increase inflammation and fight infection.

Additionally, probiotics induce the maturation of B cells, to create IgA antibodies, which then produce plasma cells that stick to germs to present bacterial adhesion to the host’s tissues. 

Benefits of Probiotics on Immune and Human Health

Probiotics are mainly Gram-positive bacteria, including species belonging to the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genre, such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, and Yeast species. They have several beneficial effects, such as ameliorating innate immune responses and related anti-pathogenic/inflammatory activities, improving the absorption of beneficial nutrients, and decreasing food intolerance. 

They also inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by synthesizing compounds with low molecular weight, such as acetic and lactic acids and “bacteriocins, ” which are antimicrobial compounds with large molecular weights. Bacteriocins produced by probiotics include lactacin B from L. acidophilus, Bifidocin B from Bifidobacterium bifidum NCFB, plantaricin from L. plantarum, and nisin from Lactococcus lactis. These compounds have shown inhibitory effects against Gram-negative pathogens, such as H.pylori. 

The gut barrier is essential for separating the gut bacteria and the body. Mucus is a secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), an antibody that plays a critical role in the immune system at the mucosal sites. The sIgA produces plasma cells in the intestinal tissues and transports antibodies across the intestinal epithelial cells into the gut lumen. The antibody binds to pathogens and toxins, preventing them from causing harm through immune exclusion, a non-inflammatory response. Probiotics have been shown to increase the number of sIgA-producing cells in the gut and other mucosal areas, such as the bronchus and mammary glands, exhibiting how probiotics can enhance the immune response by prompting the production of sIgA. 

Conclusion

Probiotics play a critical role in modulating the gut microbiota, positively impacting the immune system. Their interactions with various immune cells help maintain immune homeostasis, strengthen gut barriers, and enhance the body’s ability to fight against infections, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Although the effectiveness of specific probiotic strains and optimal dosages are still being researched, current evidence demonstrates their ability to support innate and adaptive immunity. A deeper understanding of the gut-immune relationship can contribute to multi-faceted approaches involving probiotics, which have considerable promise in preventing immune disorders, potentially enabling more targeted therapeutic applications.

Sources:
Cleveland Clinic. (2024, April 16). What Is Gut Dysbiosis? Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/dysbiosis
Gourbeyre, P., Denery, S., & Bodinier, M. (2011). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: impact on the gut immune system and allergic reactions. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 89(5), 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1109753
Liu, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, C. (2022). Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Immune System by Probiotics, Pre-biotics, and Post-biotics. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.634897
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S., Lemme Dumit, J., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496426
Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12(1), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010184
Wang, X., Zhang, P., & Zhang, X. (2021). Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity. Molecules, 26(19), 6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196076
Yoo, J., Groer, M., Dutra, S., Sarkar, A., & McSkimming, D. (2020). Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions. Microorganisms, 8(10), 1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101587 (Figure 1)

classicalmusic1

Harnessing the Power of Classical Music in Cardiovascular Health

by with One Comment Blog

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally; there is a significant need for innovative approaches to their treatment and prevention. Conventional methods such as drugs, lifestyle changes, and surgery are important, but there is an increasing interest in complementary treatments that have been shown to support these traditional methods. Among them, classical music has gained attention due to its possible contributions to improving heart health according to various studies. This article examines how it affects pulse rates at different stages of life and its wider uses within cardiology.

Classical music, known for its organized and melodious compositions, has always been linked to promoting relaxation and reducing stress. Despite this association, not much research has shown how it affects the body’s responses or heart rate. To fill this knowledge gap, a study was carried out to explore the impact of listening to music on the heart rate of people across three age groups. The main goal of the research was to investigate whether classical music has a soothing effect on the heart and how this impact may differ depending on one’s age.

The study included 15 volunteers split into three age categories: 18-29 years, 30-49 years, and 50 years old and above. Each group comprised 5 participants, with 3 men and 2 women. A heart-rate-monitoring Apple Watch was utilized to track and log heart rates under supervision during the experiment.

The participants’ initial heart rates were measured as they sat quietly for 5 minutes. They then listened to a 10-minute classical music piece featuring soothing works by Mozart, Beethoven, and Bach through headphones and an additional 10 minutes of live violin playing. Throughout the music session, their heart rates were closely monitored. Following the music session, the participants were observed for 5 minutes to note any lasting impacts.

The study showed that listening to music typically lowered heart rates for people of all ages, although the degree of decrease varied. The results are outlined in the table provided:

Age GroupAverage Baseline HR in BPMAverage HR During Music in BPMChange in HR from Baseline to During Music (BPM)Average Post-Music HR in BPMChange in HR from During Music to Post-Music (BPM)Overall Change in HR from Baseline to Post-Music (BPM)
18-297268-470+2-2
30-497571-473+2-2
50+7873–575+2–3

The results of this home experiment suggest that classical music has an overall calming effect on the heart and the cardiovascular system. The impact of classical music on the system depends on age, with the most change detected in the 50+ age group, suggesting that older people may experience more benefits to their cardiovascular systems from listening to classical music. Existing research has claimed that classical music can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to reduced heart rates, lower blood pressure, and decreased stress through lesser levels of stress-causing hormones such as cortisol. These experimental findings, as well as previous research results, suggest a potential way to support heart health in a non-pharmacological method. 


The stress-reducing effects of classical music are also noteworthy, as chronic stress is a well-known contributor to cardiovascular problems. The calming nature of classical music, especially pieces with slower tempos and gentle rhythms, can help mitigate stress, reducing the overall risk of heart disease. This stress reduction, combined with the observed decreases in heart rate, suggests that classical music could play a valuable role in both the prevention and management of cardiovascular conditions.

This simple experiment provides evidence that classical music can reduce heart rates, with the extent of the effect varying by age. The integration of classical music into cardiovascular treatment strategies represents an exciting and innovative frontier in the ongoing quest for better heart health.

Sources:

crispr1-min

The Future of Gene Therapy: CRISPR TOOL

by with No Comment Blog

Gene therapy has been defined by Boston’s Children’s Hospital as a ‘technique used in an effort to treat or prevent disease. When a gene mutation causes a protein to be missing or faulty, gene therapy may be able to restore the normal function of that protein.’ It has been portrayed as one of the future applications in medicine. With its versatility, CRISPR has a bright future in multiple methods from turning off genes, gene editing, and modifying the amino acid sequence. But ultimately, the goal of this tool is to specifically attack the cause of genetic problems.

Although gene therapy has endless applications, the rising tool dominating the field is CRISPR. Officially began developing in 2007, Danish scientists were able to study the interactions between bacteria and viruses. As they further investigated, they were able to find that DNA fragments were being inserted into the DNA, with the original DNA being cut out. The experiment would revolutionize our perception and understanding of bacterial transmission for the next few decades.

Figure 2, Source: Microbiology Notes

Between the years of 2014 to 2015, scientists were successful. They employed CRISPR in mice to cure muscle dystrophy, a progressive muscle loss disorder. Currently scientists are aiming to create organs through other animals as an alternative method to eliminate the shortage of available organs. Although their success was fairly recent, their work has been revolutionary and promising in curing genetic disorders, creating artificial organs, and eliminating mutations in DNA. (whatisbiotechnology).

Why is CRISPR so important to the future of gene therapy? There remains a long list of gene therapy products ranging from plasmids, bacteria, and viral vectors. Yet, there are. According to Microbiology Notes, ‘Using modified versions of Cas9, researchers can activate gene expression instead of cutting the DNA. These techniques allow researchers to study the gene’s function.’ In addition, its precision provides it an efficient, effective advantage with target-specific nucleotides.

Figure 3, Source: Microbiology Notes

As our society continues to evolve, it’s vital to take steps to advance our  healthcare. Although cures for cancer, preventable treatments for heart disease, and permanent treatments for diabetes are decades away, our research only pushes us into a brighter future. 

Sources:

  • Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. “What Is Gene Therapy?” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/what-gene-therapy. Accessed 27 Mar. 2024. 
  • “CRISPR Enables Gene Editing on an Unprecedented Scale.” WhatisBiotechnology.Org, www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/science/summary/crispr. Accessed 27 Mar. 2024. 
  • “Gene Therapy.” Boston Children’s Hospital, www.childrenshospital.org/treatments/gene-therapy#:~:text=Gene%20therapy%20is%20a%20technique,normal%20function%20of%20that%20protein. Accessed 24 Mar. 2024. 
  • Kumar, Vivek. “CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Tool: Introduction, Principles, Uses & Applications.” Microbiology Notes, 20 Mar. 2021, microbiologynotes.org/crispr-cas9-gene-editing-tool-introduction-principles-uses-applications/. 
  • Figure 1, Source: FDA

reading1

The Hidden Benefits of Reading

by with No Comment Blog

The Magic of Reading

Reading is normally regarded as a relaxing pastime or a characteristic of a stereotypically smart person. But according to actual MRI scans, reading has amazing effects on your overall mental and physical well-being.
When we read, parts of our brain “light up”. The more “lighting up” our brain does, the more we are working on it. The more we read, the more our brain develops, becoming better at its job and working more smoothly. And just like physical activity, more strenuous activity works your brain more.
Reading doesn’t only make you smarter! Daily reading can help your mental and physical health in the long run. Continuous brain exercise can prevent mental decline, depression, Alzheimer’s, and dementia. According to a study by Rush University Medical Center, “People who’ve engaged in mentally stimulating activities all their lives were less likely to develop the plaques, lesions, and tau-protein tangles found in the brains of people with dementia.” (Rebecca Joy Stanborough)
Along with this, there is proof that reading can help you live longer. In a study centered around seniors, they found that those who read lived 2 years longer than those who didn’t or spent more time-consuming other forms of media. Next time you feel like picking up your phone or turning on the TV, try picking up a book!
Have you noticed that the last thing you do every day before bed is scrolled on your phone? This habit is detrimental to our health due to the constant exposure to bright lights. Replacing phones with reading can also help relaxing before sleep in ways that phones can’t. Just 30 minutes of reading can lower “blood pressure, heart rate, and feelings of psychological distress” (Stanborough).

How Can Reading Affect Your Day-to-Day Life?

Reading consistently can have effects on your everyday life too. For example, you may notice that reading more exposes you to more vocabulary. Reading more books can help you articulate yourself better, in formal conversations and writing.
Stress reduction is one of the most known benefits of reading. It can be a way to escape from all the chaos of life and into a more still, tranquil world. Reading can also help students with high-stress levels. A few minutes of reading per day can be snuck into a busy schedule, and depending on what genre or subject you are reading, the topics discussed in a book can bring tranquility to your life.
While we read, we’re transported into a whole new world, and we don’t even notice how much our brains work! There are new places, names, and plots you have to keep in mind. All this new information helps your brain work your memory, and it quickly helps you remember details in your real life.

Conclusion

Reading has so many benefits, both short-term and long-term! So next time you feel like picking up your phone or turning on the TV, try picking up a book!

References:

  • https://www.crawshawacademy.org.uk/seecmsfile/?id=165
  • https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-reading-books
  • Cover image: Koshevaya_k on Pexels.com
ai1

Artificial Intelligence – Building the Future

by with No Comment Blog

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a newly emerging dynamic field that is greatly helping in creating technological advancements for the future. You may have heard about AI, but what exactly is it? In this article we will aim to inform, address, and understand the relevance and importance of AI in today’s world.

At its simplest, AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. This encompasses a broad spectrum of capabilities such as speech recognition, image processing, problem-solving, and decision-making. The overarching goal of AI is to create machines that mimic human intelligence and adapt to various scenarios.

When we consider the potential applications of AI, a window of innovation is opened. AI has been progressively worked on and developed for the past 40 years, but it wasn’t until recently that breakthroughs have been made. For example, Apple’s Siri was first released in 2011 and took nearly 2 decades to create. Siri’s voice analysis and response features showcase one of the most beneficial uses of artificial intelligence.

Well, why should we care? How is this relevant in today’s world? Though AI does serve its benefits and potentially helpful uses, AI has also proven to be somewhat of an issue. One key concern in today’s world is AI’s effect on the workforce. It is estimated that by 2030 AI could replace up to the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs globally. These jobs could include things like customer service, research and data analysis, retail jobs, and accounting/data management. However as AI continues to evolve, it also may open up a variety of unprecedented career pathways. This includes occupations such as cybersecurity management, machine learning engineers, and healthcare professions surrounding AI integration and development.

To conclude, AI and its potential is still somewhat unknown. As AI continues to evolve, it is important that we stay informed and up to date on its advancements in today’s world.

Sources:

  • https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/Top-AI-jobs
  • https://www.nexford.edu/insights/how-will-ai-affect-jobs
  • https://www.lifewire.com/positive-impacts-of-ai-7514777
  • https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence
tdp2

TDP-43: An Essential Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease

by with No Comment Blog

Alzheimer’s is a deadly disease, claiming 121,499 lives in the U.S., making it the sixth-leading cause of death in the country. Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of neurons in brain areas related to cognition. The initial symptoms often include memory, language, and thinking difficulties. Daily living can become extremely difficult for individuals with Alzheimer’s, and they may also have changes in mood, personality, and behavior, which vary among individuals.

TDP-43 in Cognitive Abilities


At the molecular level, the accumulation of beta-amyloid proteins outside the neurons and tau proteins  inside neurons are significant characteristics of the disease. This accumulation can lead to inflammation and brain tissue atrophy, atrophy contributing to neuronal death. Dementia, a condition commonly found in Alzheimer’s patients, involves a decline in cognitive abilities such as memory loss, difficulty in reasoning, and impaired communication skills. It significantly affects a person’s ability to perform daily tasks independently.

Molecular composition of TDP-43


As toxic beta-amyloid proteins and tau proteins accumulate, microglia, specialized cells in the brain, activate (feel free to check out our other article on microglia!) to clear away debris from dying cells. This process, however, can lead to inflammation when microglia struggle to keep up. A crucial protein involved in Alzheimer’s is TDP-43, a transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa, which is encoded by the TARDBP gene. TDP-43, in its normal state, is involved with RNA processing, brain stability, and gene regulation. When TDP-43 is phosphorylated and truncated (shortened and phosphate groups are added), it becomes linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In Alzheimer’s, TDP-43 forms neurofibrillary tangles, contributing to the disease’s progression and cognitive decline.TDP-43, a nuclear ribonucleoprotein, influences mRNA levels, including tau expression. Dysregulation of atu leads to its aggregation, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s. Mutations affecting TDP-43’s nuclear localization sequence cause mislocalization, and new drugs are being created to target this sequence.
Depletion of TDP-43 in the nucleus results in cytoplasmic aggregation, which is what causes Alzheimer’s. Understanding TDP-43 may offer insights into potential Alzheimer’s treatments.

Sources:

  • https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-021-00503-x
  • https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.13016#:~:text=This%20number%20could%20grow%20to,death%20in%20the%20United%20States.

prosthetics2

Prosthetics: A Rapidly Changing Field of Innovation

by with No Comment Blog

Prosthetics are a life-saving and common innovation – according to the World Health Organization, around 35-40 million people around the world require prosthetic devices! Prosthetics help so many people around the world with their daily lives and tasks, but have you ever wondered about their origins? What is the history behind them, and what effort do engineers put into their creation? 

Prosthetics, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary, encompass artificial body parts, including leg prostheses, breast prostheses, upper limb prostheses, and more! This technology holds the potential to assist numerous people across the world who face challenges in their daily lives. Additionally, prosthetics are projected to expand even more in the coming years with the advent of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), allowing prosthetics to be controlled using brainwaves.

Prosthetics can be created using various materials, but the most common are plastic, metal, and composite materials (a type of material produced from multiple individual materials). The material of the prosthetic is tailored to each person, as is the fitting of the prosthetic! Prosthetics must be fitted to each person to ensure a perfect and comfortable fit. The lifespan of prosthetics also depends on the user. For more active individuals, prosthetics will last less time, but for more sedentary individuals, prosthetics will last longer. High-activity prosthetics last for about one to three years, lower extremity prosthetics last for about the same time, upper extremity prosthetics last for about three to five years, and pediatric prosthetics last for 6 months to 2 years. 

But where does the lifecycle of prosthetics begin? Personalized prosthetics begin in the clinic, where measurements and other necessary data are taken from the patient. Then, the procedure gets moved to the engineering disciplines! Let’s say, for example, the joint in a knee prosthetic is not working correctly – it could be squeaky, rotating incorrectly, or a myriad of other problems. In the body, the knee contains a type of fluid called synovial fluid – this fluid is meant to smoothen the movement of the joint. Chemical engineering is an important part of replicating the action of the synovial fluid – chemical engineers designed the hyaluronic acid that is used in joint prosthetics! Additionally, chemical engineering also aids with creating new biomaterials for prostheses – in fact, the work of chemical engineering has introduced many of the new materials used in prostheses today! Chemical engineering is necessary to design, synthesize, and produce biocompatible polymeric materials that ensure a product is compatible with the body.. 

Electrical engineering also plays a huge role in the new advances in prosthetic manufacturing. A new trend that is rising in prosthetic manufacturing is BCIs or brain-computer interfaces! An advanced understanding of electrical currents is necessary to create BCIs while also taking into account the safety of the human using the prosthetic – electrical engineers have this advanced knowledge! According to Energy5, “Through the integration of electrical engineering principles, advanced prosthetic limbs, and assistive devices have significantly improved the quality of life for individuals with limb loss or disabilities. Electrical engineers create customized solutions, such as brain-computer interfaces, that allow patients to control prosthetic limbs with their thoughts.”

One more field of engineering that might not be as well known is regenerative engineering. Regenerative engineering, in a crisp nutshell, is a field of engineering that is researching how to efficiently recreate lost tissue. This field uses advances in engineering, biophysics, science, and medicine. 

Another significant issue with prosthetics is the lack of feedback provided to users regarding their interactions. Regenerative engineering is hard at work on this issue too – regenerative engineers are collaborating with a huge array of other fields to build new conductive biomaterials and technologies to support tissues like muscles and nerves, deliver biochemical cues, and localize electrical stimulation! 

Similarly, electrical engineering plays a similar role.A broad and accurate knowledge of electrical engineering is necessary to properly deliver the pulses necessary to activate the peripheral nerves using nerve cuff electrodes to improve prosthetic use. The area of nerve stimulation to enhance connection with prosthetics is new, but has the potential for a huge impact on all amputees. The advent of BCIs also requires a thorough knowledge of electrical engineering. BCIs have the potential to change the lives of amputees in the reverse direction by allowing easier control. 

Prosthetics are life-changing, but not everyone gets them. While some people do choose to throw their prosthetic away once it becomes too worn out to use, there is another option. Some clinics allow amputees to send their prosthetics to them to be taken apart and transformed into replacement prosthetic parts! These parts are shipped to places like Vietnam, Haiti, and Belize to serve people there! This method can help amputees around the world who may not have the means to take care of their prosthetics. Programs like this truly help to restart the life cycle of old prosthetics!

But even with these programs, prosthetics still cost a lot, and that is one fact that cannot be denied. But, many researchers and companies are looking to eradicate that problem! An example is Rise Bionics, a company based out of India that creates prosthetics from rattan trees (sugar cane). Creating flexible prosthetics from sugar cane cuts the cost of prosthetics by over 50%! The prosthetics that Rise creates cost around 20% to 50% of the cost of regular prosthetics. Rise’s workflow is different from most – rather than having day-long fittings spread out over multiple sessions, they use an app on a device that will scan the region where the prosthetic will fit and use an algorithm to design the mesh that will fit between the amputee’s body and the prosthetic!

The pandemic severely impacted research and medicine, particularly for scientists and engineers unable to access labs. This hindered innovation in prosthetics and brain-computer devices. Clinicians faced similar challenges, with orthotists reporting variations in appointment times and a shift to telehealth services. Some services were limited to urgent cases, potentially affecting non-urgent patients. Despite these setbacks, the prosthetics field is rebounding, with innovations like BCIs and alternative materials driving progress. 

References

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6lENrRANxY
  • https://navier.engr.colostate.edu/whatische/ChEL07Body.html
  • ://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-015-0446-0
  • https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1792192
  • https://opcenters.com/what-is-the-lifespan-of-prosthetics/
  • https://www.georgiaprosthetics.com/blog-articles/what-should-i-do-with-my-old-prosthesis-donate-it/#:~:text=Many%20people%20simply%20throw%20away,out%20in%20a%20tremendous%20way
  • https://news.mit.edu/2022/rise-bionics-prosthetics-orthotics-0429
Photo by urbazon on iStock

Why We Find Comfort in Rewatching Movies

by with No Comment Blog

Pressing Play

We’ve all done it before: rewatching “Friends” for the hundredth time or playing a movie you’ve already seen because you don’t know what else to watch. Well, there’s a deeper scientific reason than not knowing what to watch. 

Emotional Fulfillment

Sometimes, we rewatch movies or shows for emotional fulfillment. For example, you might rewatch a comedy because you know it makes you laugh. Knowing how the story unfolds, the happy and sad parts, and how it ends. Knowing how a story ends gives us a sense of comfort and closure. We might rewatch a movie to find hidden clues we missed before or to fill in gaps in the story. We might also watch a movie for nostalgia. Rewatching something we used to watch gives us the bittersweet feeling of a blast to the past. 

Effortless Enjoyment

Humans naturally prefer activities that don’t demand much effort- watching something new means dealing with new characters, stories, and settings. But when we rewatch something familiar, our brains can relax and enjoy the show better. It’s easier to retain information – a concept called perceptual fluency. Rewatching a movie or show helps us notice small details we might have previously missed.

These days, we’re flooded with options for media, shows, and movies. With such an overwhelming amount of choices, it’s easier to watch something we know instead of watching something we may or may not like. It takes less brain power to settle on something we already know instead of going through the exhausting task of browsing through endless options.

The Mere Exposure Effect

The Mere Exposure Effect is when people tend to develop a liking or dislike for things merely because they are familiar with them. For example, have you ever hated a song on the radio, upset that they kept playing that song, but after a while, started humming along and eventually started singing along to all the lyrics? This is the same for movies and TV shows: watching it over and over again deepens our appreciation for it. 

This phenomenon affects our ability to make decisions. Instead of using logic to pick a movie or show, we choose something familiar to us. We do this because decisions make us unsure, so when we see an option we know everything about, we’ll inevitably choose that one. We may naturally view new things as threats, and watching a show repeatedly increases our confidence.

References

Mere exposure effect – the Decision Lab. (n.d.). The Decision Lab. https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/mere-exposure-effect 

Avlonitis, K. (2023, March 2). Why We Can’t Stop Rewatching Movies and TV Shows: A Psychological Exploration. Medium. https://medium.com/@bananofloydas/why-we-cant-stop-rewatching-movies-and-tv-shows-a-psychological-exploration-7f3a90ea3be5

Jean-Pierre, T. (2021, December 29). The problem with having too many choices | Medium. Medium. https://tavianjp.medium.com/the-problem-with-having-too-many-choices-49ae23aff1b4

N. Kraft, R., Ph. D. (2022, December 22). Play and Repeat: Why We Watch the Same Shows Over and Over. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/defining-memories/202212/play-and-repeat-why-we-watch-the-same-shows-over-and-overNickerson, C. (2023, October 10). Mere Exposure Effect in Psychology: Biases & Heuristics. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/mere-exposure-effect.html

alz1

Current Trends in Alzheimer’s Research

by with No Comment Blog

Alzheimer’s, described by the Mayo Clinic as the “most common cause of dementia,” leads to the shrinking of the brain and the eventual death of brain cells.

Despite decades of research, many aspects of Alzheimer’s remain unknown. . Scientists continue to seek information to develop treatments aiming to cure the disease. The current prominent trend focuses on slowing down the progression of beta-amyloid plaque, identified as a key component by top researchers.

Recent Developments

Last July, the FDA approved a new drug treatment, lecanemab, as a result of its success in slowing down the formation of the plaque. Many have gained hope and interest in the drug for being the first FDA approved drug in twenty years for Alzheimer’s. However, scientists and doctors still remain cautious about the use of the drug in everyday treatments. For example, studies from Yale University incorporation with the National Institutes of Health has shown moderate side effects including rash, body aches, and a variety of other symptoms. Yet, it remains to have significantly less known side effects in comparison to other studies completed with other treatments.

Another common direction in treating Alzheimer’s is gene therapy. Gene therapy is defined as a method that edits one’s DNA to alter their chances in developing genetic diseases. Results have consisted of fixed genetic deformities and the increased livelihood of cells. (Healthline) Specifically in relation to Alzheimer’s, it can edit the genetic markers of individuals who have had past family members have the disease. Consequently, it can completely decrease their chances of developing the disease.

(Source: News-Medical)

With the analysis of current Alzheimer’s treatments, it allows us to understand the paths and steps that have already been taken to cure the disease and opens up new possibilities. Although our knowledge still continues to grow, significant progress has been made in the creation of new treatments for targeting the beta amyloid-plaque. Hopefully, in the future of a constantly industrializing society, a new successful treatment will be formed to cure the disease.

References

  • “Alzheimer’s Disease.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 30 Aug. 2023, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447#:~:text=It’s%20characterized%20by%20changes%20in,thinking%2C%20behavior%20and%20social%20skills.
  • MacMillan, Carrie. “Lecanemab, the New Alzheimer’s Treatment: 3 Things to Know.” Yale Medicine, Yale Medicine, 24 July 2023, www.yalemedicine.org/news/lecanemab-leqembi-new-alzheimers-drug.
  • Ruwa, Rashida. “Gene Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 21 Sept. 2023, www.healthline.com/health/alzheimers/alzheimers-gene-therapy-treatment#what-is-gene-therapy.
  • Image 1: (Dementia Services Information and Development Centre)
stemcells1

STEM Cells: The Key to Healing Horizons

by with No Comment Blog

Do you know why certain organs and tissues regenerate? When you have a small
scrape or cut, the tissue regenerates in a matter of days or months, sometimes
leaving a small scar or remaining intact as before the accident.

This is due to stem cells, the body’s raw material; from them, all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells: daughter or embryonic cells. (Células madre: qué son y qué hacen, 2022)

Image by: Citoclinic / Guadalajara

But to enhance understanding, here is a table with key differences between cells.

Célula MadreCélula Embrionaria
OriginFound in adult tissues such as bone marrow or fatFound in developing embryos
DifferentiationIt can differentiate into specific cells depending on its originIt has the potential to differentiate into any type of cell
Obtaining MethodObtained from adult tissues through less invasive procedures such as bone marrow aspirationObtained from developing embryos, which has raised ethical concerns and logistical challenges
LimitationsLimited differentiation potential compared to embryonic cellsHigher differentiation potential, making them versatile for cell regeneration
Rejection RiskLower rejection risk in transplants, since the cells come from the patientHigher rejection risk, since the cells come from a different donor
Common UsesWidely used in medical treatments (bone marrow transplants and regenerative therapies)Explored in research and clinical trials to treat various diseases and injuries

Specific Examples in Daily Life

Stem cell therapies offer hope for those seeking more effective, less invasive
treatments. The ability of these cells to regenerate damaged tissues poses exciting prospects for improving the quality of life, especially for those facing chronic medical challenges.

Image by: Simone van der Koelen

Also, in the area of beauty and skin care, including stem cell derivatives in cosmetic
products open a new chapter in the science of skin health. While their
practical application is still in development, ongoing research promises to reveal
more about the rejuvenating potential of these innovative solutions.

Finally, stem cells continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in medicine and aesthetics. As we advance in this era of scientific discoveries, it is clear that stem cells are not only protagonists in the laboratory but also in the tangible improvement of our everyday lives. Their regenerative potential offers a promising vision of the future, where healing and renewal may be more accessible than ever.

References:

  • Células madre: qué son y qué hacen. (2022, 18 mayo). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117
  • National Library of Medicine. (s. f.). Células madre. https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/stemcells.html
  • Células madre – Instituto de Traumatología Estévez. (2020, 15 septiembre). Instituto de Traumatología Estévez. https://www.traumatologiaestevez.es/tratamientos-alternativos/celulas-madre/
  • Millet, A. (2016, 13 marzo). Células madre: puesta al día de los últimos avances. Clínica Millet | Clínica de la Mujer. https://clinicamillet.es/blog/celulas-madre-puesta-al-dia-de-los-ultimos-avances/
  • Osorio, U. R. (2022, 4 febrero). Tipos de células madre. ecologiaverde.com. https://www.ecologiaverde.com/tipos-de-celulas-madre-3749.html
  • Cover image by: BBC